Git Installation and Setup

Git is a distributed version control system that helps you track changes in your code, collaborate with others, and manage different versions of your projects. This tutorial will guide you through installing Git on different operating systems and setting up your initial configuration.

What is Git?

Git is a powerful version control system that:

• Tracks changes in your files over time
• Allows you to revert to previous versions
• Enables collaboration with multiple developers
• Manages different versions (branches) of your project
• Works offline and synchronizes when connected

Installing Git

Windows

Option 1: Official Git for Windows

1. Visit git-scm.com
2. Download the latest version for Windows
3. Run the installer and follow these recommended settings:
   • Choose "Use Git from the Windows Command Prompt"
   • Select "Checkout Windows-style, commit Unix-style line endings"
   • Choose "Use Windows' default console window"

Option 2: Using Package Manager (Chocolatey)

If you have Chocolatey installed:

choco install git

Option 3: Using Package Manager (Scoop)

If you have Scoop installed:

scoop install git

macOS

Option 1: Using Homebrew (Recommended)

brew install git

Option 2: Using MacPorts

sudo port install git

Option 3: Xcode Command Line Tools

xcode-select --install

Option 4: Official Installer

1. Visit git-scm.com
2. Download the macOS installer
3. Run the installer and follow the instructions

Linux

Ubuntu/Debian

sudo apt update
sudo apt install git

CentOS/RHEL/Fedora

# CentOS/RHEL
sudo yum install git

# Fedora
sudo dnf install git

Arch Linux

sudo pacman -S git

OpenSUSE

sudo zypper install git

Verifying Installation

After installation, verify Git is installed correctly:

git --version

You should see output similar to:

git version 2.39.0

Initial Git Configuration

Before using Git, you need to configure your identity. This information will be attached to your commits.

Setting Your Identity

Configure your name and email address:

git config --global user.name "Your Full Name"
git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"

Example:

git config --global user.name "John Doe"
git config --global user.email "john.doe@example.com"

Setting Your Default Editor

Configure your preferred text editor for Git operations:

# For Visual Studio Code
git config --global core.editor "code --wait"

# For Vim
git config --global core.editor "vim"

# For Nano
git config --global core.editor "nano"

# For Sublime Text
git config --global core.editor "subl -n -w"

Setting Default Branch Name

Set the default branch name for new repositories:

git config --global init.defaultBranch main

Configuring Line Endings

Windows

git config --global core.autocrlf true

macOS/Linux

git config --global core.autocrlf input

Advanced Configuration Options

Setting Up Aliases

Create shortcuts for common Git commands:

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status
git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'
git config --global alias.last 'log -1 HEAD'
git config --global alias.visual '!gitk'

Configuring Push Behavior

Set the default push behavior:

git config --global push.default simple

Setting Up Credential Storage

To avoid typing your password repeatedly:

Windows

git config --global credential.helper manager-core

macOS

git config --global credential.helper osxkeychain

Linux

git config --global credential.helper store

Viewing Your Configuration

To see all your Git configuration settings:

git config --list

To see a specific configuration value:

git config user.name
git config user.email

To see where a setting is defined:

git config --show-origin user.name

Configuration File Locations

Git configuration is stored in three levels:

1. System-wide: /etc/gitconfig (affects all users)
2. User-specific: ~/.gitconfig or ~/.config/git/config (affects current user)
3. Repository-specific: .git/config (affects current repository only)

Each level overrides the previous one, so repository-specific settings take precedence.

SSH Key Setup (Optional but Recommended)

For secure authentication with remote repositories like GitHub:

Generate SSH Key

ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your.email@example.com"

Add SSH Key to SSH Agent

eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

Copy Public Key

# macOS
pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

# Linux
xclip -sel clip < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

# Windows
clip < ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub

Then add this public key to your GitHub/GitLab/Bitbucket account.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Permission Denied Error

If you encounter permission issues:

sudo chown -R $(whoami) ~/.gitconfig

HTTPS vs SSH

If you're having authentication issues, you might need to switch between HTTPS and SSH:

# Check current remote URL
git remote -v

# Change to SSH
git remote set-url origin git@github.com:username/repository.git

# Change to HTTPS
git remote set-url origin https://github.com/username/repository.git

Certificate Issues

If you encounter SSL certificate errors:

git config --global http.sslVerify false

Note: Only use this as a temporary solution and re-enable SSL verification afterward.

Next Steps

Now that you have Git installed and configured, you're ready to:

• Create your first Git repository
• Learn basic Git commands
• Start tracking changes in your projects
• Collaborate with others using Git

Summary

In this tutorial, you learned how to:

• Install Git on Windows, macOS, and Linux
• Configure your Git identity and preferences
• Set up SSH keys for secure authentication
• Troubleshoot common installation issues
• Understand Git configuration hierarchy

Git is now ready to help you track changes, collaborate with others, and manage your code effectively. In the next tutorial, we'll explore Git basics and terminology to build your foundation.